Concurrency Archives - offlinemark

Four exercises that touch basic multithreaded and lockfree programming concepts.

Implement a program that attempts to use two threads to increment a global counter to 10,000 with each thread incrementing 5000. But make it buggy so that there are interleaving problems and the end result of the counter is less than 10,000.
Fix the above with atomics.
Implement a variant of the program: instead of simply incrementing the counter, make the counter wrap every 16 increments (as if incrementing through indices of an array of length 16). Make two threads each attempt to increment the counter (16 * 5000) times. The end state should have the counter be back at index zero. Implement it in a buggy naive way that causes the counter to often be nonzero, even if atomics are used.
Fix the above using a CAS loop.
(Bonus question for the above: Why isn’t std::atomic::compare_exchange_strong a good fit here?)

Some rough lab notes on these topics to record the current state of my knowledge. I’m not an expert, so there may be inaccuracies.

Mutexes

On Linux, libpthread mutexes are implemented using the underlying futex syscall
They are basically a combination of a spinlock (in userspace), backed by the kernel for wait/signal operations only when absolutely necessary (i.e. when there’s contention). In the common case of an uncontended lock acquire, there is no context switch which improves performance
The userspace spinlock portion uses atomics as spinlocks usually do, specifically because the compare and set must be atomic
Jeff Preshing (see below) writes that each OS/platform has an analogous concept to this kind of “lightweight” mutex — Windows and macOS have them too
Before futex(2), other syscalls were used for blocking. One option might have been the semaphore API, but commit 56c910668cff9131a365b98e9a91e636aace337a in glibc is before futex, and it seems like they actually use signals. (pthread_mutex_lock -> __pthread_lock (still has spinlock elements, despite being before futex) -> suspend() -> __pthread_suspend -> __pthread_wait_for_restart_signal -> sigsuspend)
A primary advantage of futex over previous implementations is that futexes only require kernel resources when there’s contention
Like atomics, mutexes implementations include memory barriers (maybe even implicitly due to atomics) to prevent loads/stores from inappropriately crossing the lock/unlock boundary due to compiler and/or hardware instruction reordering optimizations

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